Classification thiab extraction txoj kev ntawm cov nroj tsuag extracts

1. Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov laj thawj sib txawv:
1) proportional extract: Nws yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm kev rho tawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj, thiab lwm cov khoom siv raw rau hauv cov tshuaj txhuam, kua extract, lossis hmoov. Qhov kev ua lej piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw ua ntej rho tawm cov khoom tom qab rho tawm thiab siab. Cov tshuaj lom feem ntau tsis muaj cov muaj kuab thiab cov ntsiab lus meej. Piv txwv li, thaum 10 kilograms scutellaria xyoob tshuaj ntsuab tau muab rho tawm rau hauv 1 kilogram ntawm cov khoom lag luam hmoov, peb hu nws ib qho 10: 1 piv txwv ntawm Scutellaria BaCalensis. Tsis muaj tus qauv ntshiab rau cov ntsuas tseem ceeb xws li batralin thiab baaliin hauv cov extract no. Kev rho tawm feem ntau yog feem ntau pom kev siv cov txheej txheem nyias-txheej (uas yog hom phiaj xwm Yog li no, tsim kom muaj kev tswjhwm zoo thiab cov qauv txheej txheem rau cov tshuaj sib raug zoo tau ua ib qho kev xaiv tsis tau pom zoo hauv kev lag luam tau ntau xyoo.
2) Standard extract: Nws yog ib qho extract ntawm tshuaj ntsuab, nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, thiab lwm yam uas muaj cov qauv zoo ib yam.
Standard extract ntawm tsoos suav tshuaj yog hais txog ib tug extract nrog cov ntsiab lus meej thiab zoo (quantitative) tau los ntawm extracting thiab ua cov tsoos suav tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv siv niaj hnub scientific technology.
2. Muab faib los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv:
① Alkaloids: yog cov chav kawm nyuaj ntawm nitrogen-muaj cov organic sib xyaw nrog cov kev tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev thiab cov teebmeem kho mob. Efedra Sinica muaj cov ephedrine rau kev kho mob hawb pob, thaum Ranruo muaj Rantruopus rau kev tshem tawm spasms thiab mob.
② Glycosides, tseem hu ua glycosides, yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab thaj thiab cov khoom tsis qab zib. Qhov sib txawv ntawm glycosides nyob rau hauv cov khoom qab zib, thiab ntau hom glycosides muaj ntau yam kev ua ub no ntawm lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm ntau yam. Cov nplooj ntawm digitalis muaj cardiotonic glycosides, thaum ginseng muaj ginsenosides, uas muaj cov teebmeem ntawm tonifying qi, tsim kua dej, thiab calming lub siab.
③ Volatile oil: tseem hu ua cov roj tseem ceeb, yog cov kua roj uas muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab tsis muaj zog, tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau lub tebchaw, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, thiab muaj ntau yam teebmeem hauv kev kho mob, xws li hnoos nyem, mob hawb pob, tawm hws, nto. nyem, phlegm tshem tawm, cua dispelling, mob nyem, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab lwm yam. Cov nroj tsuag uas muaj ntau volatile roj cov ntsiab lus muaj xws li Platycodon grandiflorus, Magnolia officinalis, Magnolia officinalis, Camphor ntoo, Cinnamomum cassia, Eucommia ulmoides, Angelica dahurica, Chuanxiong, Angelica sinensis, peppermint, thiab lwm yam.
④ Tannin: sib tov ntawm polyphenolic tebchaw. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam nroj tsuag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm Salicaceae, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtle Myrtle, thiab Rubiaceae, qhov twg nws muaj ntau. Cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab cog rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj Rhus chinensis yog hu ua galls, uas muaj cov galls tannins thiab muaj astringent, antidiarrheal, thiab antiperspirant los.
⑤ Lwm yam khoom, xws li qab zib, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, organic acids, roj, waxes, resins, pigments, inorganic tshuaj, thiab lwm yam, txhua tus muaj tshwj xeeb physiological functions, ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev kho mob xyaum.

Cov txheej txheem rho tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag
Tam sim no, feem ntau siv txoj kev extracting nroj tsuag extraction muaj hnyav extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, thiab lwm yam. Supercritical kua extraction, microwave-pab extraction, thiab lwm yam yog lug siv raws li tshiab extraction cov tswv yim.

Txheej txheem extraction
Feem ntau yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab. Raws li kev solubility ntawm ntau yam hauv cov kuab tshuaj, cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj siab solubility rau cov khoom xyaw nquag thiab solubility tsawg rau cov khoom uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau yaj raug xaiv, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom xyaw zoo los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog hu ua hnyav extraction method. Thaum cov kuab tshuaj ntxiv rau cov khoom siv raw ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab, cov kuab tshuaj diffuses. Permeation nkag mus rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa, dissolving cov tshuaj soluble thiab ua rau ib tug concentration sib txawv ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraum ntawm tes. Cov tshuaj concentrated nyob rau hauv lub cell tsis tu ncua diffuses sab nraud, thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis tu ncua nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj cov ntaub so ntswg hlwb, rov qab mus rau rov qab mus txog rau thaum lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv thiab sab nraum lub cell mus txog dynamic equilibrium. Thaum cov tshuaj saturated no tau lim tawm thiab cov kuab tshuaj tshiab ntxiv, feem ntau ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau yaj tawm.

Ultrasonic rho tawm txheej txheem
Ultrasonic extraction yog kev siv cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cavitation cov teebmeem los ntawm cov tshuaj, thaum tswj hwm cov qauv thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj tsis hloov. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov ultrasonic extraction yog feem ntau yog raws cov txheej txheem lub cev, thiab nws yog ib qho kev rho tawm tshiab uas tau txais kev mloog thaum xyoo tsis ntev los no. Rau feem ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ultrasonic rho tawm yuav ua rau lub sijhawm luv luv, noj cov kuab tshuaj tsawg dua piv rau cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj kuab. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua. Hauv ultrasonic extraction cov txheej txheem, kev xaiv thiab concector ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, muab cov kua dej khov kho, thiab cov sijhawm siv hluav taws xob yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov nqi rho tawm.

Supercritical kua extraction txoj kev
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) yog lub tshuab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb. Thaum qhov kub qis dua, raws li qhov siab ntawm cov pa roj txuas ntxiv, cov roj yuav hloov mus ua kua. Thaum lub siab nce, lub ntim ntawm cov kua nce. Rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb, ib txwm muaj qhov kub thiab txias (Tc) thiab lub siab tseem ceeb (Pc) saum toj no uas cov khoom yuav tsis dhau los ua kua lossis roj. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv qhov ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb, lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem yog nruab nrab ntawm cov roj thiab cov kua, thiab cov kua dej nyob rau hauv qhov ntau no dhau los ua supercritical kua (SF). Supercritical fluids muaj zog nkag mus zoo ib yam li gases thiab siab ceev thiab solubility zoo ib yam li cov kua. Lawv muaj cov kuab tshuaj zoo thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj rau kev rho tawm thiab sib cais ntawm monomers.

Microwave pab cov qauv kev sib tw
Microwave pab extraction Extraction (Mae) yog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab uas siv microwave zog los txhim kho cov khoom siv txuag tau. Microwave pab cov extraction yog ib txoj kev xaiv xaiv hom phiaj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm microwave cua sov. Los ntawm kho cov tsis ntawm lub microwave, lub hom phiaj ua ke tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim kom yooj yim rau lawv cov extraction thiab sib cais.